Left Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loop
Constructed non-invasively: Isovolumic phases, ejection dome, and Klotz EDPVR
Ventricular-Arterial Coupling
Ees (Contractility) vs Ea (Arterial Load)
Mechanical Energetics & Hemodynamics
Suga Pressure-Volume Area (PVA) & Cardiac Output
| Physiological Parameter | Formula / Origin | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiac Output (CO) | (SV × HR) / 1000 | 4.75 L/min |
| Cardiac Power Output (CPO) | (MAP × CO) / 451 | 0.95 W |
| Stroke Work (SW) | ∮ P dV (Shoelace loop area) | 7,095 mmHg·mL |
| Stroke Work (Joules) | SW × 1.333 × 10−4 | 0.95 Joules |
| Potential Energy (PE) | Area under ESPVR left of loop | 2,376 mmHg·mL |
| Pressure-Volume Area (PVA) | SW + PE (Total Mechanical Energy) | 9,471 mmHg·mL |
| Mechanical Efficiency (η) | SW / PVA × 100% | 75% |
Single-Beat Methodological Foundation
Diastolic stiffness curve fitted via the validated single-beat normalised EDPVR equation:
Klotz S, Hay I, Dickstein ML, Yi GH, Wang J, Maurer MS, Kass DA, Burkhoff D. Single-beat estimation of end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship: a novel method with potential for noninvasive application. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:H403–H412. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01240.2005 ↗
End-diastolic filling pressure estimated via Doppler echocardiography (Nagueh SF et al., JACC 1997: $\text{PCWP} \approx \text{LVEDP} = 1.24 \times (E/e') + 1.9$). Mechanical energetics evaluated using the Suga Pressure-Volume Area framework (Suga H, Physiol Rev 1990).
Klotz S, Hay I, Dickstein ML, Yi GH, Wang J, Maurer MS, Kass DA, Burkhoff D. Single-beat estimation of end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship: a novel method with potential for noninvasive application. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:H403–H412. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01240.2005 ↗
End-diastolic filling pressure estimated via Doppler echocardiography (Nagueh SF et al., JACC 1997: $\text{PCWP} \approx \text{LVEDP} = 1.24 \times (E/e') + 1.9$). Mechanical energetics evaluated using the Suga Pressure-Volume Area framework (Suga H, Physiol Rev 1990).